Byzantine architecture is marked by a heavy influence of Roman temple features, as well as a centrally planned structures, large domes sustained by smaller domes, ornate and graceful columns, round arches and elaborate decorative elements. There is also a distinctive use of color. After all, Constantinople is purported to be the Christian counterpart of the pagan Rome. Add to this the influence of Eastern culture and you have grand structures such as the Hagia Sophia, which is probably the best example of Byzantine architecture in Istanbul.
Sadly, some of the structures featuring Byzantine architecture had been destroyed. However, a number remain – testimony of the glorious Byzantine era.
Hagia Sophia
Its name means “Holy Wisdom” in Greek. What you will see now is a fabulous domed cathedral. This is actually the third building on the same site. Constantine the Great had the first one built but this was destroyed in the riots during 404 A.D. The second one, inaugurated by Theodosius II, burned down in 532 A.D. during a revolt. The third and current one was commissioned by Emperor Justinian I. It is renowned for its beauty and architectural genius. Upon the entrance of the Ottoman Empire, the Sultan decided to spare this building. Instead, he converted it into a Muslim Mosque.
It features light streaming from the windows, colorful mosaics and piers supporting domes. The cathedral also makes use of brick and plaster.
Walls of Constantinople
Although it stands mostly in ruins now, these 5th century walls remind one of the glorious Byzantine Empire. The need to defend the new capital necessitated the expansion of the walls. Construction of the walls started under the reign of Constantine the Great and is composed of an inner and outer wall. The walls were guarded by 96 towers, a few of which still stand. During its heyday, it had 55 doors, including a ceremonial door (for grand entrances of the emperor).
Hagia Irene
This is Istanbul’s oldest remaining Byzantine church. It is the first church ever built by Constantinople to mark the emergence of Constantinople as the empire’s capital. Its name is Greek for “Holy Peace” and is to be found at the outer section of the Topkapi Palace. During the 8th century, this suffered extensive damage but was restored by the command of Constantine V. Frescoes and mosaics adorn the walls. The church is around 3000 square meters and has an atrium, a nave, pillars and columns marking two aisles.
Stoudios Monastery
Harking back to 462 A.D., this Byzantine church retains its original form. It no longer has a roof, but you will still appreciate the fabulous floor and wall decorations in this church. This is a historic site, as many a theological tenet was decided in this very building, particularly the debate on the Mary as Mother of God (Theotokos).
Other Byzantine structures of note include the Palazzo del Commune (which is an imitation of the San Giorgio Palace in Genoa), the Galata Tower, the Chora Church, the Palace of Porphyryogenitus (the only section of the Blachernae Palace that has remained intact), the Pammakaristos Church (which was converted into the mosque – Fethiye Camii).
